Se trata de mostrar que la“hermenéutica del testimonio” deRicoeur, a pesar de darle la dimensiónde la contingencia histórica que le faltaal concepto de “mundo del texto” y deintroducir la mediación histórica de laconciencia, no rompe con loslineamientos kantianos desde loscuales Ricoeur ha concebido suhermenéutica filosófica, ya que eltestimonio es pensado desde la relaciónkantiana entre las ideas y supresentación sensible.This paper intends to show that in spiteof the fact that Ricoeur’s “Hermeneuticsof Testimony” provides the historic dimension that is missing in the (...) conceptof “world of text” and introduces thehistoric conditioning of consciousness, inno way interrupts connection with the Kantian influence within which Ricoeur conceives his philosophical hermeneutics,since the notion of Testimony has been thought from the point of view of the Kantian relation between ideas and their perceptible presentation. (shrink)

Se ofrece una interpretación del enfoque estructural, fenomenológico y ontológico del mito a partir de una productividad filosófica abierta en Ricoeur por ciertos elementos tomados de Kant, los cuales explican por qué el mito es analizado por la constitución de su forma, por su intención significativa y por su revelación ontológica.

Na sua Fenomenologia da vida religiosa de 1920/21 Heidegger explicita a compreensão originária da temporalidade que encontra na experiência fáctica da vida do cristianismo primitivo tal como aparece nas Cartas de S. Paulo aos Tessalonicenses e Gálatas. Essa explicitação permite a Heidegger reinterpretar a ontologia a partir do horizonte da compreensão temporal da existência humana. Esta reinterpretação apoia-se implicitametne numa nova compreensão do ser de Deus que Heidegger não tematiza, mas que é exigida pela interpretação fenomenológica da existência humana realizada (...) a partir do texto bíblico. O presente artigo pretende ainda mostrar até que ponto a postura heideggeriana da fenomenologia da religião deixa como desafio a reinterpretação do ser de Deus a partir do horizonte de compreensão determinado pela concepção analógica da temporalidade pressuposta pelo texto bíblico como discurso que fala da ordem fenoménica em que Deus se manifesta. /// In his Phenomenology of Religious Life from 1920/21 Heidegger explains the original understanding of temporality he finds in the factical life of primal Christianity as it is referred to in some letters of Saint Paul. This explanation allows Heidegger to put forward a new interpretation of ontology from the horizon of temporal understanding of human being. However, this new ontological interpretation implicitly rests on a new understanding of God's being, which Heidegger does not explicitly address as it is required by his own phenomenological interpretation of human being'obtained from the biblical text. Purpose of the present paper is also to show that Heidegger's phenomenological approach to religion challenges us to develop a new understanding of God's being from the horizon provided by an analogical comprehension of temporality presupposed in the biblical text when it is read as a discourse on the phenomenological realm where God appears. (shrink)

Na sua Fenomenologia da vida religiosa de 1920/21 Heidegger explicita a compreensão originária da temporalidade que encontra na experiência fáctica da vida do cristianismo primitivo tal como aparece nas Cartas de S. Paulo aos Tessalonicenses e Gálatas. Essa explicitação permite a Heidegger reinterpretar a ontologia a partir do horizonte da compreensão temporal da existência humana. Esta reinterpretação apoia-se implicitametne numa nova compreensão do ser de Deus que Heidegger não tematiza, mas que é exigida pela interpretação fenomenológica da existência humana realizada (...) a partir do texto bíblico. O presente artigo pretende ainda mostrar até que ponto a postura heideggeriana da fenomenologia da religião deixa como desafio a reinterpretação do ser de Deus a partir do horizonte de compreensão determinado pela concepção analógica da temporalidade pressuposta pelo texto bíblico como discurso que fala da ordem fenoménica em que Deus se manifesta.In his Phenomenology of Religious Life from 1920/21 Heidegger explains the original understanding of temporality he finds in the factical life of primal Christianity as it is referred to in some letters of Saint Paul. This explanation allows Heidegger to put forward a new interpretation of ontology from the horizon of temporal understanding of human being. However, this new ontological interpretation implicitly rests on a new understanding of God’s being, which Heidegger does not explicitly address as it is required by his own phenomenological interpretation of human being obtained from the biblical text. Purpose of the present paper is also to show that Heidegger’s phenomenological approach to religion challenges us to develop a new understanding of God’s being from the horizon provided by an analogical comprehension of temporality presupposed in the biblical text when it is read as a discourse on the phenomenological realm where God appears. (shrink)

This paper attempts to present the intellectual structure within which Paul Ricoeur has conceived the possibility of a philosophical interpretation of myth. I propose that Ricoeur's hermeneutics has been able to integrate and harmonize structural analysis, phenomenological description, and ontological-existential analysis of the myth through a group of epistemological and ontological coordinates from the two first Critiques and from Kant's philosophy of religion.

Durante varias décadas Paul Ricoeur ha desarrollado un pensamiento filosófico que escucha el discurso religioso (símbolos, mitos, textos), pero que se mantiene en la autonomía de un pensamiento responsable, es decir, dentro de los límites de la razón y según las exigencias internas de la filosofía. La cuestión que se plantea aquí es: ¿cómo surge la autonomía de este pensamiento responsable que es capaz de lograr una productividad filosófica a partir de la interpretación de significados ya expresados en un lenguaje (...) no filosófico? Lo que investigamos aquí es cómo está compuesta la racionalidad de Ricoeur y cómo determina ésta los alcances y limitaciones de su pensamiento filosófico. (shrink)

Se trata de analizar la cuestión del estatuto que tiene la existencia de Dios en el pensamiento de Ricoeur. La cuestión se origina en la centralidad de la idea de la lingüisticidad de la experiencia religiosa y de la referencia a Dios en la hermenéutica ricoeuriana. Se examina la posibilidad de afirmar que en Ricoeur Dios tiene una existencia discursiva. Como esta hipótesis debe manejar el supuesto de que no hay lugar para el silencio en el origen de la palabra, (...) porque la existencia de Dios está siempre vinculada con el lenguaje, también se examina este supuesto. Se trata de apoyar la idea de que el silencio siempre se da en y por el lenguaje, por lo cual también se argumenta en favor de la existencia discursiva de Dios en la hermenéutica del discurso religioso de Ricoeur. (shrink)

Transient changes in DNA torsional tension are generated by environmental stimuli and transcriptional activity. In eukaryotic cells, these changes can only be accommodated by a chromatin structure that is flexible. This property of chromatin may be essential to the regulation of eukaryotic gene activity.

En qué consiste la excelencia del hombre y cómo se la logra es el tema de los sofistas. En cuanto a lo primero, la excelencia se mide por el éxito en la actuación pública, en el ámbito de la Polis. En cuanto a lo segundo, en el conocimiento y hábil manejo de las técnicas del discurso. Excelente será pues el hombre que en las conversaciones privadas, en la actuación en el foro o en las asambleas sea capaz de persuadir, y (...) con ello, de hacerse valer. El peligro uso de las técnicas del discurso persuasivo a fin de lograr sus propósitos consiste en quererlo hacer a cualquier costo. La reacción de Sócrates será explicable en tanto se tenga en cuenta su preocupación para subordinar la técnica del discurso a la ética, es decir, a la finalidad última de la palabra sin lo cual la excelencia del hombre poseedor del logos es puramente aparente. (shrink)

The eukaryotic nucleosome, the basic unit of chromatin, is thermodynamically stable and plays critical roles in the cell, including the maintenance of DNA topology and regulation of gene expression. At its C2 axis of symmetry, the nucleosome exhibits a domain that can coordinate divalent metal ions. This article discusses the roles of the metal‐binding domain in the nucleosome structure, function, and evolution.

Metal ions may play an essential role in chromatin organization and, thus, be main actors in the gene expression drama. A model is proposed here for the interaction of DNA‐binding transcriptional regulatory proteins with histone H3 via coordinated metal ions and discussed in relation to the conversion of nucleosomal ‘closed’ to ‘open’ states.

Osteopotin is a secreted glycosylated phosphoprotein found in bone and other normal and malignant tissues. Osteopontin can be autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues and can also be phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues by several protein kinases. Autophosphorylation of osteopontin may generate sites for specific interactions with other proteins on the cell surface and/or within the extracelluar matrix. These interactions of osteopontin are thought to be essential for bone mineralization and function. The polyaspartic acid motif of osteopontin, in combination with neighboring (...) sequences that include serine residues phosphorylated by protein kinases, could fold and assemble into a molecular structure that participates in the mineralization of the bone matrix. (shrink)

The state of debates around the topic of `populism' has made clear the difficulties that exist to provide a coherent definition of the concept. There is much to be argued from historical, epistemological, comparative and sociological perspectives that may provide clarity to the uses of the term. As the world meets new scenarios of uncommon styles of doing politics and the themes of ideological polarization and social segregation take hold, the question about the value of `populism' as a theoretical tool (...) needs to be met with an affirmative stance that delineates its principal characteristics. The present text introduces the reader to four new perspectives that serve such a purpose and locates them among the relevant contemporary literature. (shrink)

This article offers a brief critical summary of our Populism(s) project to date, and introduces Thesis Eleven readers to the articles edited in this Special Issue. We comment on significant recent developments on populism scholarship, and reflect about the most recent developments currently taking place and their (potential) impact on current populism research.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the attitude of a group of cardiologists on the ethical conducts they would accept or adopt when encountered with different hypothetical situations of medical practice. Between August and September of 2011, 700 Argentine cardiologists were surveyed in situations which posed ethical dilemmas in the patient-physician relationship, among colleagues or involving financial agreements with employers or the pharmaceutical industry. Ethical conflicts were evidenced in a series of inappropriate conducts such as differential fees, trips (...) and meals sponsored by laboratories, splitting fees, overbilling, self-referral, charging for patient referral, financial compensation for ordering medical procedures, and various situations derived from the relationship with employers. In general, financial compensation from the pharmaceutical industry was more accepted than the conflictive situations which directly involved patients, colleagues or employers. The rejection of these conducts, the physicians' deontological education and the improvement of financial and organizational conditions in medical practice will help to encourage better medical professionalism and avoid unseemly behaviors. (shrink)

Purpose: To determine the relative value that patients place on consent for procedures in the emergency department (ED) and to define a set of procedures that fall in the realm of implied consent. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample 134 of 174 patients who were seen in the ED of a Midwestern teaching hospital. The questionnaire asked how much time they believed was necessary to give consent for various procedures. Procedures ranged from simple (venipuncture) to complex (procedural (...) sedation). Results: Participants valued a simple blood draw at a low mean of 1.02 minutes of extra time and a lumbar puncture at a high mean of 7.78 minutes. Of all participants 52% and 48% noted a time-value of ?0? time on blood draw and intravenous line starts, respectively, indicating that they desire no additional consent for these procedures. Conclusion: Defining a set of ED procedures covered under implied consent will be difficult because many patients value formal consent for even the simplest procedure. (shrink)

I argue that from a very weak recombination principle and plausible assumptions about the nature of parthood and location it follows that it's possible that the mereological structure of the material world and that of spacetime fail to correspond to one another in very radical ways. I defend, moreover, that rejecting the possibility of such failures of correspondence leaves us with a choice of equally radical alternatives. I also discuss a few ways in which their possibility is relevant to various (...) debates in metaphysics. (shrink)

One of the key problems the field of Machine Consciousness is currently facing is the need to accurately assess the potential level of consciousness that an artificial agent might develop. This paper presents a novel artificial consciousness scale designed to provide a pragmatic and intuitive reference in the evaluation of MC implementations. The version of ConsScale described in this work provides a comprehensive evaluation mechanism which enables the estimation of the potential degree of consciousness of most of the existing artificial (...) implementations. This scale offers both well defined levels of artificial consciousness and a method to calculate an orientative numerical score . A set of architectural and cognitive criteria is considered for each level of the scale. This permits the definition of a cognitive framework in which MC implementations can be ranked according to their potential capability to reproduce functional synergies associated with consciousness. The probability of the implementations having any phenomenal states related to the assessed functional synergy is not specifically addressed in this paper; nevertheless, it could be thoughtfully discussed elsewhere. (shrink)

Endorsing the idea of group knowledge seems to entail the possibility of group belief as well, because it is usually held that knowledge entails belief. It is here studied whether it would be possible to grant that groups can have knowledge without being committed to the controversial view that groups can have beliefs. The answer is positive on the assumption that knowledge can be based on acceptance as well as belief. The distinction between belief and acceptance can be seen as (...) a refinement of the ordinary language concept of belief, and it may be useful in understanding the nature of epistemic justification and classifying various types of epistemic subjects. (shrink)

We study whether robots can satisfy the conditions of an agent fit to be held morally responsible, with a focus on autonomy and self-control. An analogy between robots and human groups enables us to modify arguments concerning collective responsibility for studying questions of robot responsibility. We employ Mele’s history-sensitive account of autonomy and responsibility to argue that even if robots were to have all the capacities required of moral agency, their history would deprive them from autonomy in a responsibility-undermining way. (...) We will also study whether humans and technological artifacts like robots can form hybrid collective agents that could be morally responsible for their actions and give an argument against such a possibility. (shrink)

Understanding Transhumanism as a particular turn of contemporary reflection that maintains the current state of humanity is not the final but just a transitional one, which can and should be scientific and technologically enhanced, the bioethical and biopolitical implications of such situation will be examined in this paper. Here it will be explored the transhumanist ideas related to the indissoluble link that in modern times have been established between the development of technologies and politics and strategies of neoliberal governmentality. This (...) is expected to pose a set of questions about the risks associated to the unsuspected modes of production, management and biopolitical control of subjectivity that may be allegedly linked to the transhumanist idea. (shrink)

Various sources in the literature claim that the deduction theorem does not hold for normal modal or epistemic logic, whereas others present versions of the deduction theorem for several normal modal systems. It is shown here that the apparent problem arises from an objectionable notion of derivability from assumptions in an axiomatic system. When a traditional Hilbert-type system of axiomatic logic is generalized into a system for derivations from assumptions, the necessitation rule has to be modified in a way that (...) restricts its use to cases in which the premiss does not depend on assumptions. This restriction is entirely analogous to the restriction of the rule of universal generalization of first-order logic. A necessitation rule with this restriction permits a proof of the deduction theorem in its usual formulation. Other suggestions presented in the literature to deal with the problem are reviewed, and the present solution is argued to be preferable to the other alternatives. A contraction-and cut-free sequent calculus equivalent to the Hubert system for basic modal logic shows the standard failure argument untenable by proving the underivability of DA from A. (shrink)

Considerando que el transhumanismo es una particular deriva de la reflexión contemporánea, que sostiene la idea de que el actual estado de la humanidad no es el definitivo sino uno simplemente transitorio, que puede y debe ser intervenido tecnocientíficamente en procura de su mejoramiento, en este artículo se examinan las implicancias bioéticas y biopolíticas de tal presupuesto. Se atiende para ello a las complejas y dilemáticas circunstancias derivadas de la perspectiva transhumana, que están vinculadas con la probable trasgresión de los (...) derechos de las personas presentes o futuras y el eventual control absoluto de la vida como el que algunos de sus detractores afirman que inevitablemente se generaría a partir de semejante tipo de intervenciones biotecnológicas. Se intentará indagar críticamente en el ideario del transhumanismo tomando como referencia para el análisis la articulación indisoluble que en la modernidad se ha establecido entre el desarrollo de las tecnologías y aquella racionalidad política que sustenta las estrategias de la gubernamentalidad neoliberal. Se espera plantear con ello una inquietud y un conjunto de interrogantes respecto de los riesgos asociados a los modos hasta hora insospechados de producción, administración y control biopolítico de la subjetividad que podrían estar ligados inadvertidamente a la idea transhumanista. (shrink)

This analysis comes from a philosophical glance at Aristophanic comedy, where the problem seems to move towards universality of poetry. The common manner to face this problem is getting close to the concepts of learning and inference, introduced in the field of a sort of action or a sort of character without consideration for the Aristotle’s horizon of the poetic research télos, érgon, oikeía hedone and katharsis, or the Greek theatrical-poetic representation as an autonomous form of universal mythos. The underestimation (...) of the comic genre has centered the research upon Aristophanes in the fields of politics, philology and history, but seldom philosophy. (shrink)

A great variety of medical conditions are subject to the placebo effect. Although there is mounting evidence to suggest that the placebo effect is related to the expectation of clinical benefit, little is still known about the biochemical bases underlying placebo responses. Positron emission tomography studies have recently shown that the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease, pain, and depression is related to the activation of the limbic circuitry. The observation that placebo administration induces the release of dopamine in the ventral (...) striatum of patients with Parkinson’s disease suggests a link between the placebo effect and reward mechanisms. In addition to Parkinson’s disease, the placebo-reward model may also apply to other disorders. However, the relative contribution of the different neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that are known to be involved in modulating the activity of the limbic system may be disease-specific. Thus, while the placebo-induced clinical benefit observed in Parkinson’s disease would mostly reflect the release of dopamine in the dorsal striatum, the activation of opioid and serotonin pathways could be particularly implicated in mediating placebo responses encountered in pain and depression, respectively. (shrink)

This chapter argues that from a particularly weak recombination principle and plausible assumptions about the nature of parthood and location, it follows that it is possible that the mereological structure of the material world and that of space-time fail to correspond to one another in very radical ways. The chapter suggests, moreover, that rejecting the possibility of such failures of correspondence leaves us with a choice of no less unappealing alternatives. It also discusses a few ways in which their possibility (...) is relevant to various important debates in metaphysics. (shrink)

Pese a que Gibbon sigue siendo ampliamente reconocido como un historiador excepcional, además de como un escritor magnífico, pocos historiadores de la Antigüedad tardía comparten hoy el paradigma interpretativo del _decline and fall _del Imperio romano. Autores como Peter Brown y Henri-Irenée Marrou combatieron con éxito el “prejuicio decadentista” a la hora de abordar el estudio de la Antigüedad tardía. Si tuviéramos que resumir en un solo término el paradigma interpretativo predominante en nuestros días en el estudio de este período, (...) este sería el de “continuidad”: continuidad (en los niveles administrativo, jurídico, cultural, etc.) entre los reinos post-imperiales del Occidente latino y el precedente imperial y continuidad también entre la cultura cristiana (cultura popular y cultura de los Padres de la Iglesia) y la cultura grecorromana. (shrink)

I give shape to a neglected debate in metaphysics, the debate over the ontological priority between individuality and collectivity. I distinguish the debate from more familiar ones in the recent literature and articulate what I call ontological collectivism, the view that collectivity is prior to individuality. I defend the in-principle intelligibility of the view from forceful general objections and argue that not only is it coherent but also of significant interest to the literature: it allows for overlooked alternatives on a (...) variety of central discussions. (shrink)

This paper propose an analysis focused on different assumptions of time that are taking into account both in social sciences and humanities. The main objective to discuss these proposals is to emphasize the mutual incompatibility of the classic forms to assume time in the context of the contingencie..

Epistemic justification of non-summative group beliefs is studied in this paper. Such group beliefs are understood to be voluntary acceptances, the justification of which differs from that of involuntary beliefs. It is argued that whereas epistemic evaluation of involuntary beliefs can be seen not to require reasons, justification of voluntary acceptance of a proposition as true requires that the agent, a group or an individual, can provide reasons for the accepted view. This basic idea is studied in relation to theories (...) of dialectical justification in which justification is taken to require ability to justify. Since the reasons offered can in principle always be challenged, there is no ultimate end to the dialectical chain of justification. This makes justification of acceptance, and thus group belief, social and, in a way, contextual, but this does not seem to entail strong forms of epistemic relativism. (shrink)

GIS has captured planning practice to an unprecedented degree, and this article on how it reconfigures and is configured by institutional context. The author inquires into GIS as a technology for incorporating knowledge into institutional use and includes five propositions: GIS's efficiencies in data processing allows it unprecedented facility and scope of analysis, its use increases alienation, its mimetic language furthers its role in planning, its logic appears rational—purposive, but it conceals an underlying normative logic, and its most profound effect (...) is on the mapper, and the alienating and normative character of GIS necessitate new modes of “social ground-truthing.” The author studies the southeast Los Angeles initiatives to demonstrate these propositions. This article compares two studies: one GIS-based, and the other based on participatory action research and discusses how GIS might be recontextualized into a technology for liberating democratizing processes. (shrink)

El presente trabajo pretende establecer una “lógica” en la exposición y análisis de las formas deficientes de gobierno en fa República VIII-X, más no en el sentido del “historicismo”, respecto del cual toma una clara y crítica distancia. Con ese propósito busca primero establecer el lugar que ocupa esa exposición en el conjunto de la obra y luego, abordar la cuestión del criterio y del fundamento que permite distinguirlas de la pólis ideal -la única que constituye una unidad- y ordenarlas (...) en una jerarquía que pone de manifiesto una cada vez mayor multiplicidad hasta establecer a la tiranía como el extremo apuesto de la polis justa y buena. En contraste con recientes publicaciones (Blössner), el autor sostiene que Platón formula y aplica explícitamente ese criterio aunque no precisamente en el comienzo inmediato de los libros VIII-IX. (shrink)